Asymptotic Behaviour of a Viscoelastic Transmission Problem with a Tip Load

ABSTRACT We consider a transmission problem for a string composed by two components: one of them is a viscoelastic material (with viscoelasticity of memory type), and the other is an elastic material (without dissipation effective over this component). Additionally, we consider that in one end is attached a tip load. The main result is that the model is exponentially stable if and only if the memory effect is effective over the string. When there is no memory effect, then there is a lack of exponential stability, but the tip load produces a polynomial rate of decay. That is, the tip load is not strong enough to stabilize exponentially the system, but produces a polynomial rate of decay.


INTRODUCTION
We consider the transmission problem for the damped vibrations of a string, whose left end is rigidly attached and in the other end has an attached hollow-tip body that contains granular material.The string is composed by two components: one of them is a viscoelastic material (with viscoelasticity of memory type) and the other is an elastic material (without dissipation effective over this component).
More precisely, let us denote by U the displacement of the string.That is where l is the length of the string and l 0 is the transmission point.The model that we consider in this paper is written as follows.
Here, g : [0, +∞) → R be the relaxation function, and α 1 , α 2 , ρ 1 , ρ 2 are positive constants that reflect physical properties of the string.The boundary conditions are given by u(0,t) = 0, v(l,t) = w(t), ∀ t ≥ 0, (1.3) and the transmission conditions are given by u(l 0 ,t) = v(l 0 ,t), α 1 u x (l 0 ,t)− t 0 g(t − s)u x (l 0 , s)ds = α 2 v x (l 0 ,t), ∀t ≥ 0. (1.4) We turn to model the motion of the right end with the attached tip body.We assume that the container is rigidly attached to the end x = l, and that the container and its contents have mass m and a center of mass O ′ located at distance d from the end of the string.We assume that the damping effect of the internal granular material can be represented by damping coefficient γ 1 , whose precise contributions are described below Here, the first term is the contribution of the inertia of the container, and the second term represents the damping that the granular material provides, which is assumed to be proportional to the velocity, and so γ 1 is the damping coefficient.Thus, the force balance at the end x = l is where the parameters γ 1 and γ 2 are non-negative constants.Finally, the initial data are given by u(0) = u 0 , u t (0) = u 1 in ]0, l 0 [, (1.6) w(0) = w 0 ∈ C, w t (0) = w 1 ∈ C. (1.8) Here, we assume the following hypotheses on the relaxation function g: g(t) ≥ 0, ∀t ≥ 0, and g > 0 almost everywhere in [0, +∞[; Concerning models of motion with the attached tip body, Andrews and Shillor [1] establish the existence and uniqueness of the model and showed the exponential energy decay of the solution provided and extra damping term is present.In [11] Zietsman, Rensburg and Merwe consider the effect of boundary damping on a cantilevered Timoshenko beam with a rigid body attached to the free end.The authors establish the efficiency and accuracy of the finite element method for calculating the eigenvalues and eigenmodes.Although no conclusion is showed with regard to the stabilization of the system, the authors showed interesting phenomena concerning the damped vibration spectrum and the associated eigenmodes.See also the work of Feireisl and O'Dowd [7] where is showed, for an hybrid system composed of a cable with masses at both end, the strong stability for a nonlinear and nonmonotone feedback law applied at one end.
The main result of this paper is to show that the system (1.1)-(1.8) is exponentially stable if and only if the memory effect is effective over the viscoelastic part of the material.This means that the dissipative properties given by the tip load is not enough to produce exponencial rate of decay when the memory effect is not effective.Finally, when g = 0, we prove that the system is not exponentially stable but the dissipation given by the tip load produce polynomial stability.The method we use is based on Prüss Theorem to show exponential stability.The proof of the lack of exponential stability is based on the Weyl invariance Theorem and the proof of the polinomial stability is based on the Borichev and Tomilov result.

EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SOLUTIONS
To use the semigroup approach we need to rewrite the problem as an autonomous system.For this reason we introduce the history problem, obtained by replacing the equation (1.1) by the following history equation Following the ideas of Dafermos [4], [3] and Fabrizio [6], we introduce the notation with s ∈ [0, +∞); whence we consider the system with u, v and w, satisfying (1.5) and the initial conditions (1.6), (1.7), (1.8) and η verifying with boundary conditions are given by The transmission conditions now are given by We define the total energy of the system as Let us introduce the following spaces: We recall that L 2 g is a Hilbert space when endowed with the inner product given by With this notations, we consider the phase space Note that the space H is a Hilbert space with the norm where U = (u, v,U,V, η, w,W ) T ∈ H .
Let us introduce the linear unbounded operator A in H as follows .
Using the hypotheses on g, a direct computation yields where Under this conditions, we have Theorem 2.1.The operator A is the infinitesimal generator of a C 0 -semigroup of contractions (S(t)) t≥0 on H . Thus, for any initial data U 0 ∈ H , the problem (2.8) has a unique weak (mild) solution Proof.It easy to see that D(A ) is dense in H ; and, since A is a dissipative operator, it is enought to show that 0 ∈ ρ(A ).To do that, we will show that for In terms of the components, we have Indeed, from the equations (2.9) and (2.13), we get that η s ∈ L 2 g and that which means that η is uniquely determined.Moreover, using (1.10) and (2.5), we can write, for each T > 0: which enables us to conclude that η ∈ L 2 g .Thus, it remains only to establish the existence and uniqueness of solution for the system Trends Comput.Appl.Math., 24, N. 2 (2023) Let us consider the functional T : X → C given by for all (ϕ, ψ) ∈ X, where G := G − ρ 2 l l 0 f 4 dx , and X := H 1 * is a Hilbert space, endowed with the inner product It's clear that T ∈ X ′ ; therefore, by the Riesz representation theorem we conclude that there exists only one weak solution to system (P).So we have that 0 ∈ ρ(A ).□

EXPONENTIAL STABILITY
In this section, we show that if hypothesis (1.9)-(1.11)hold, then the corresponding semigroup is exponentially stable.The main tool we use is Prüss's results [9], which is summarized in the following theorem.
Theorem 3.2.Let (S (t)) t⩾0 be a C 0 -semigroup on a Hilbert space H generated by A .Then the semigroup is exponentially stable if and only if i R ⊂ ρ(A ), and ∥(i λ In the next Lemma we show that the imaginary axis is contained in the resolvent set.Proof.In the Theorem 2.1, we have already shown that 0 ∈ ρ(A ).Moreover, note that we can't conclude that the spectrum of A is formed only by eigenvalues, since Taking the inner product of (3.4) with U n in H , we get Follows from condition (1.10) and (3.12) that Now, we use (3.3) and (3.5) for conclude that there exist U, u ∈ L 2 (0, l 0 ) and subsequences still denoted by (U n ) n and (u n ) n , such that So, from (3.14), (3.15) and (3.5), we can conclude that Proceeding analogously, we find From convergences above, remembering w n = v n (l) and W n = V n (l), follow that Trends Comput.Appl.Math., 24, N. 2 (2023) The convergences obtained above allow us to pass to the limit in (3.5)-(3.11),obtaining the following system We conclude that there exists U = (u, v,U,V, 0, v(l),V (l)) T ∈ D(A ), such that where (u, v) is precisely the solution of the system given by when γ 1 > 0; or, in the case that γ 1 = 0, of the system obtained in the above system, replacing the boundary condition v(l) = 0 by v x (l) + α 3 v(l) = 0, where . However, each one of these two systems has a unique solution, namely, the null solution; from which it follows that U = 0.With this, we rewrite (3.16) as We will prove that the solution U of the resolvent equation is uniformly bounded for any take In fact, in terms of the components we have The dissipative properties of A implies that there exists a positive constant C such that The following Lemma will play an important role in the sequel.

Using (3.27) once more we get
Re α and Therefore, for ε > 0 sufficiently small, we have (3.28) On the other hand, multiplying (3.22) by u and using (3.20), we get L 2 , using (3.20) we get, for each ε > 0 and for λ ̸ = 0: Therefore, for ε > 0 sufficiently small, we have From above inequality and (3.28), our conclusion follows.□ The next lemma is crucial to ensure that the exponential decay occurs in the case where γ 1 = 0. Indeed, it provides an estimate for the term involving |W | 2 that can be obtained from (3.27) only when γ 1 is positive.
Lemma 3.3.There exist C > 0 such that Proof.Multiplying (3.23) by (x − l 0 )v x , using (3.21), and remembering that V (l) = W , we get Taking the real part, we get the desired inequality.□ Now we are in condition to show the main result of this section.
Proof.In view of Proposition 1, we only need to show that there exist C > 0 such that: Since the resolvent operator is holomorphic, it is enough to prove the above inequality for |λ | large enough.In fact, multiplying (3.23) by (l − x)v x and using (3.21), we get Taking the real part, we get From Lemma 3.2, we get, for ε small enough and for |λ | large enough, that Using the transmission conditions, inequality (3.29) can be estimated by (3.30), that is Moreover from Lemma 3.2 and inequality (3.30), we get Therefore, Lemma 3.3, equation (3.25), and inequality (3.31) implies From the three last inequalities and (3.27), we get Then, the semigroup is exponentially stable.□

THE LACK OF EXPONENTIAL STABILITY
Now we shall prove that the dissipation given by the memory effect is necessary for exponential stability of the system.Let us consider the problem without memory effect; namely with boundary conditions and with transmission conditions and initial data where α 1 , α 2 , ρ 1 , ρ 2 , ρ 3 , γ 2 are as before, and γ 1 , now, is a positive constant.Moreover, for this problem, we consider the phase space The total energy associed with the system is and it is not difficult to see that, for all U ∈ H , we have Let us denote by B the unbounded operator of H given by with domain It is not difficult to see that the operator B is the infinitesimal generator of a C 0 -semigroup of contractions over H , which we will denote by T (t).This shows that the problem (4.1)-(4.6) is well-posed.
Therefore the system is conservative and there is no decay.Now we are in conditions to show the main result of this section.
Proof.The main ideia is to prove that T (t) have the same essential spectral radius of the semigroup associated to conservative system (4.8)-(4.13),that we denote as T 0 (t).Here, we use the Weyl's Theorem (Theorem XIII.14, [10]; see also Kato's book [8], Theorem 5.35, p. 244 for details of the proof), which stablish that if the difference of two operators is compact, then the your essential spectrum radii are equals.More precisely Theorem 4.5.Let S and T two continuous operator over a Banach space X.If S − T is a compact operator, then S and T have the same essential spectrum radius.
So, we will show that the difference T (t) − T 0 (t) is a compact operator; from which we obtain ω ess (T ) = ω ess (T 0 ).
But since T 0 (t) is unitary, then ω ess (T 0 ) = 0. Denoting by ω(T ) and ω σ (B) the type of semigroup T (t) and the spectral upper bound of spectrum σ (B) respectively, we have that (see [5], Corollary 2.11, p. 258): This imply that T (t) is not exponentially stable.In fact.Let (u, v, w) and ( ũ, ṽ, w) be the solutions of the systems (4.1)-(4.6)and (4.8)-(4.13),respectively.Denoting by we have that (U,V,W ) is solution of the system with boundary conditions and transmission conditions and initial data (U(0),V (0),U t (0),V t (0),W (0),W t (0)) = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) ∈ H .The energy associated with the system (4.14)-(4.19) is given by It is easy to verify that d dt from where follows Now, let us denote by U 0,n := (u 0,n , v 0,n , u 1,n , v 1,n , w 0,n , w 1,n ) T a bounded sequence of initial data in the phase space H .We will show that the corresponding sequence of solutions ) T has a subsequence that converges strongly in H .
To show this, note that T (t)U 0,n and T 0 (t)U 0,n are bounded in H .This implies that ṽn,x (l) is bounded in L 2 (0, T ), for all T > 0. Therefore (4.16) implies that W n,t is bounded in H 1 (0, T ).
Since H 1 (0, T ) has compact embedding in L 2 (0, T ), it follows that there exist subsequences, we still denote as (W n ) n and ( wn ) n such that W n,t −→ W t strongly in L 2 (0, T ), and similarly wn,t −→ wt strongly in L 2 (0, T ).
From the above convergences we have

POLYNOMIAL DECAY
In this section we show that the solutions of the system (4.1)-(4.6)decays polynomially to zero as t −1/2 .To show this, we use the Borichev and Tomilov's Theorem (see [2]): Theorem 5.6.Let S(t) be a bounded C 0 -semigroup on a Hilbert space H with generator A such that iR ⊂ ρ(A ).Then Now we are able to stablish the main result of this section. Theorem